Hand Washing Day Program


Hand washing can help reduce respiratory problems by 25 percent, according to a study conducted jointly by UNICEF and World Health Organization.
A hug amount of children die of diarrhea every year in poor countries, but 40 percent of those can be saved through the practice of hand washing. UNICEF program coordinator Shirin Hossain, referring to the study conducted told the briefing that Bangladesh was one of the 10 top countries in the world in respect of child mortality rate. As many as 50,800 children under the age of five die in Bangladesh every year, it said. The mortality rate is on rise for not washing hands properly which is the cause for spreading germs.
DPHE chief engineer Syed Nuruzzaman said: "Over 3.5 million children die in the world every year before they reach the age of five. Of them 85 percent children die in South Asia and Sub-Sahara regions."

Children of more than 80,000 schools and madrasas in the country are participating in the Hand Washing Day program with the assistance of DPHE, UNICEF, Unilever, Save the Children and Plan Bangladesh.
As many as 1.44 crore children attended the day's program last year which was placed in Guinness Book of World Records. Mentioning a joint study of DPHE and ICDDRB, he said only one percent people in Bangladesh wash their hands before eating and 30 percent people wash hands after going to the toilet. The rate increased by 17 percent in the last one year, but the rate is not satisfactory, the official said, underlining the need for launching a countrywide campaign for making the hand washing practice compulsory for all citizens, specially the children.

Drug addiction and its result in society.



In recent years Drug Addiction has significantly increased in the world. This agent of human devastation has spread its tentacles worldwide and mostly in south Asia. Every intelligent and humane person in the world society and international organizations such as the UN and WHO are alarmed by the present rate of addiction. Hospital surveys show that average age of drug addicts is 22. The addicts are students, professionals, businessmen, laborers, rickshawallahs and from other professions. Students are most affected and drugs have caused deterioration in standards of education and students have also given up going to schools and colleges. These addicts are turning to various criminal activities, in order to procure drugs.


Generally speaking drugs are substances that affect the physical and mental condition of persons significantly and adversely any substance that can lead to addiction, misuse and dependence is a drug. Addiction level of drugs increase with each day of use. If drugs are not available, the patient shows critical withdrawal symptoms when immediate medical care is needed to prevent physical and mental deterioration, even death.

In brief the reasons determined through research are:


  • 1.  Despair and frustration amoung the youth.





  • 2. Curiosity and excitement through use.





  • 3. Some patients are addicts because they try to follow the western culture of drugs and enjoyment of life.





  • 1. Without drugs the addict loses his mental and physical abilities to work and enjoy life which is termed as psychological dependence and physical dependence.





  • 2.  The addict develops a craving for the drug, and he spends all his efforts procuring it.





  • 3.  Drug tolerance in users leads to increased dosage of drugs needed to provide the same degree of enjoyment and kick

    The dengers and destruction caused by drugs:
    Drug addiction beings on rapid erosion of educatinal and cultural, moral and family values. The addicts lose their professional and educational capabilities, self dignity and get involved in serious or pitty criminal activities. The sole aim of an addict becomes the procurement and use of drugs. Other aims and objectives in life are thrown by the roadside. Besides, dread diseases such as Hepatitis, HIV/AIDS can easily attack drug addicts through use of injectible drugs. Intravenous injection of pethidine/ morphine and now tadigesic brand of riknomar penic. These are extremely dangerous drugs and increases addiction manifold. Injections through infected needles can cause diseases of  the liver, brain, heart, lungs and spinal cord. Normal medication also interacts with heroin and cause many complications, which many addicts do not know about. Such interactions may also cause  death.

    Words of Caution for the Parents
    Children are the beloved of the parents. Suspicions of one's child  engaged in immoral and criminal activities are a source of the utmost heartache for the parents. Yet for this very reason, children must be kept under close observation. Behavioral and emotional changes are common in the adolescent and young men. But long-standing changes and rapid shifts in mood needs specialist doctor's attention and investigation. Heroin addicts live in a dream world, unconnected with realism and the environment around them. They lose concentration, live alone, and are irritated by interference and contact with non-addicts or other addicts.
    If you come to know that your son or daughter is a heroin addict, do not lose calm and temper. Try to take stock of the situation and seek medical attention immediately, without trying to forcibly rid your children of the habit.


Searching food, man's first occupation.

The eating habits of people
As a living creature, man can not live without food. In fact, no living things-animals or plants can survive without food. The search for food was man’s first occupation. He made his first weapons to hunt animals for food. Gradually he learnt how to grow food plants. Thus he invented agriculture and settled in communities beside his cornfields.

People do not eat the same food all over the world. It varies from place to place. The eating habits of the people of a country depend largely on its geographical position, climate and soil. That is to say, the kinds of food that people eat depend on what they can grow or afford to buy from other countries. For instance, people in the tropical countries eat a lot of fruits and vegetables which grow abundantly in these regions. The chef foods of the people of Hawaii Polynesia and the Pacific are taro roots, bread, fruit and seafood. They also eat a lot of limes, coconuts, bananas and pineapples which grow in plenty in these islands around them. The Eskimos live almost entirely on meat and fish because vegetables do not grow in the ice-covered regions they live in. It is interesting to note that the word “Eskimo” itself means the ‘eater of fish’. In fact, a lot of fish is eaten raw by the Eskimos.
Meat is eaten in the countries that have large pastures for grazing livestock. Large meat eating countries are Australia, Argentina, Canada and the USA. It is quite natural that fish should be an important food in the countries with large sea-coasts. Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Japan are examples of such countries. Much of the food of Japan which is a country of island comes from the sea. They eat a lot of seafood such as shrimps, oysters, as well as mineral rich sea-weed. Thus we see that the kinds of food that people eat vary throughout the world.


International Workers Day



 1st of May is observed as International Workers Day throughout the world.  The holiday began in the 1880s in the United States, with the fight for an eight-hour work day.

In 1884, the federation of organized Trades and labor Unions passed a resolution stating that eight hours would constitute a legal day’s work from and after May 1, 1886. The resolution called for a general strike to achieve the goal, since legislative methods had already failed. With workers being forced to work ten, twelve and fourteen hours a day, rank and file support for the eight hour movement grew rapidly, despite the indifference and hostility of many union leaders. By April 1886, 250,000 workers were involved in the May Day movement. The heart of the movement was in Chicago, organized primarily by the anarchist international working people’s Association. Businesses and the state were terrified by the revolutionary character of the movement. The police and the militia were increased in size and received new weapons.

By May 1st, the movement had already won gains for many Chicago clothing cutters, shoemakers and packing house workers. But on May 3, 1886, police fired in to a crowd of strikers at the McCormick Reaper Works factory, killing four and wounding many. Anarchists called for a mass meeting the next day in Haymarket Square to protest the brutality.

The meeting proceeded without incident, and by the time the last speaker was on the platform, the rainy gathering was already breaking up, with only a few hundred people remaining. As the speakers climbed down from the platform, a bomb was thrown at the police, killing one and injuring seventy. Police responding by firing into the crowd, killing one worker and injuring many others. The incident was used as an excuse to attack the entire Left and labor movement. Eight of Chicago’s most active were charged with conspiracy to murder in connection with the Haymarket bombing. Court found all eight guilty and they were sentenced to die.

It is not surprising that the state, business leaders, mainstream union officials and the media would want to hide the true history of May Day, portraying it as a holiday celebrated only in Moscow’s Red Squire. In its attempt to erase the history and significance of May Day, the United States government declared May 1st to be “Law Day”, and gave us instead Labor Day , a holyday devoid of any historical significance other than its importance as a day to swill beer and sit in traffic jams.

As workers, we must recognize and commemorate May Day not only for its historical significance, but also as a time to organize around issues of vital importance to working-class people today.








Polar Ice cap



Scientists have recently reported that the polar ice caps are melting. This is due to a rise in atmospheric temperatures known as the ,Green House Effect,. According to Melvin Calvin, who won a Nobel Prize for earlier research, the carbon dioxide is given off when coal and oil are burnt. This gas is accumulating in the atmosphere and causing temperature to rise. As a result, the ice covering the North and South Poles is melting and may eventually have to a rise in sea levels which could flood many areas of the world. Even we take measures to stop the ice melting, it may take years to control the rise in sea levels.



The Green House Effect is just one of many fundamental changes which are taking place in the environment. Tropical rain forests, which took fifty million years to grow, are being reduced at the rate of fourteen acres per minute. The total area of world’s deserts is increasing every year. Many species of animals and plants are endangered with the threat of extinction.

In presenting the results of “Global 2000” Edmu Muskie says that world population growth, the degradation of the earth’s natural resources base and spread of environmental pollution collectively threaten the existence of the inhabitants of the world. If the people of the world do not act quickly and decisively to protect the environment, this world will soon become uninhabitable.


Pollution


Every year millions of people all over the world die unnecessarily as a result of pollution. These unfortunate and unavoidable deaths are brought about by four specific factors. Firstly, air pollution from factories, burning trash and vehicle fumes causes pneumonia, bronchitis and other respiratory diseases. Then, water pollution from industrial discharge, the indiscriminate disposal of toxic chemicals and the dumping of human waste into rivers and canals causes poisoning and water borne disease such as cholera and diarrhea. The next factor is the noise pollution from vehicle horns and microphones that might cause aggression and damage hearing and finally, odor pollution from dumped or untreated human waste causes serious discomfort to our senses and attracts disease-bearing creatures such as rats and flies. We should take determined action to control these problems and clean up the environment to avert these unnecessary diseases that lead to death.

SOUND POLLUTION

SOUND POLLUTION


The unit by which the loudness is measured is called a decibel. According to the United Nations (UN), the normal tolerance limit of sound is 45 decibels. When the vibration of sound is at a tolerable, pleasant level, it is simply called sound. But when it is sharp and harsh to the ears it becomes noise. Serious harm can be caused to people if they regularly exposed to sounds exceeding 70 decibels. Because of the growth of urban population and the increasing use of machines in our every day life there had been a general increase in the level of sound around us. On an average, people in the cities are exposed to sound ranging from 30 to 90 decibels or even more. A study in Japan has found that housewives who live in the city were exposed to almost the same amount of sound that a factory worker was exposed to at his/her workplace. The occupations that the study found to be the noisiest were factory work, truck driving and primary school teaching.

Many developed countries are trying to control sound pollution by careful town planning and developing public awareness. In Holland, schools are not allowed near airport and houses which are situated near airports are provided with special types of insulation to limit the sound heard inside the buildings.

ULTRAVIOLET RAY



Light rays, heat rays, x- rays and ultraviolet rays are all farms of radiation. Radiation wavelengths have an amazingly large span. The longest are radio waves, the shortest gamma rays. About halfway between the longest and shortest wavelengths are light waves, or visible radiation.

Light waves themselves have a great variety of wavelengths. Each color is a different wavelength. Red light is the longest wavelength visible to man. Next is orange, followed by yellow, green, blue and violet, which is the shortest wavelength radiation that can be seen.

Just past the violet light wavelength are the radiations in what scientists call the ultraviolet range. The sun emits these rays, or does certain man made lamps specially produced for this purpose. Ultraviolet wavelength range from just above those of violet light to more than 2,50,000 waves per inch.

Because ultraviolet rays are shorter than other rays, they are penetrating. From the sun these rays, along with heat, reach the nerves in your skin. Still, only about half of the ultraviolet rays from the sun reach the ground. Many are absorbed high up in the earth’s atmosphere.


First use of metal



About six thousand year ago man lived in what we call the Stone Age. This is because he made most of his tools and weapons out of stone. He had not yet learned how to use metals.

Probably the first metals man learned how to use were copper and gold. The reason is that these metals occur in nature in a free state as well as in ores. Man found nuggets of copper and gold and was able to hammer them into various shapes without having to melt them. We don’t know the date when men discovered how to use these metals, but we do know that copper was used as long ago as 6000 B.C. Gold was first used some time before 4000 B.C. By about 3000 B.C man had learned some of the most important things about using metals. By this time the metals silver and lead had been discovered, but copper was the one used most since it was the strongest and most plentiful. Man first learned to beat metal into useful shapes, such as bowls, tools and weapons.

Once he began using metals, he discovered the processes of annealing (making a metal soft and tough by heating and then slowly coaling it), melting, carting and smelting. Also, he could get copper from its ore, which was more plentiful than the nuggets. Later man discovered tin and learned to mix copper and tin, which made bronze. From about 3500 B.C to about 1200 B.C bronze was the most important material for making tools and weapons. This period is called the Bronze Age. Man knew about iron from meteorites he found, long before he discovered how to work iron, and this knowledge spread all over the world. Iron replaced bronze for most users. This was the beginning of the Iron Age.



Mount Everest


Mount Everest is situated at the border of Tibet, India Nepal. It is 8.9 km high from sea level. There are different opinions among the surveyors about the height of Mount Everest. In the 1800 a British surveyor team informed that the height is 29,002 feet (8840 meters). In 1954 an Indian surveyor team found it 29,028 feet (8848 meters) high. The Mount Everest is named after British surveyor general Sir George Everest (1760-1866). The people of Tibet call it ‘Chomolungma’ and Nepalese call it ‘Sagar Matha’.

Early Attempts
In the early years (1921-1938), little was known about the physiological effects of extreme height, and mountaineers over the world wondered if they could possibly climb Mount Everest, the world’s highest mountain. It was a leap in to the world of the unknown, traveling to far off lands and launching huge expeditions up the slopes of the Himalayas to altitudes no human had ever experienced. Eric Shipton, considered the best mountaineer of his day and an experienced person of the expeditions to Everest in the 1930s, predicted that Everest would eventually be climbed, although he was quick to qualify his prediction with commentary on the physiological limitations of high altitude mountaineering:” It would seem almost as though there were a cordon drawn round the upper part of these great peaks beyond which no man may go. The truth, of course, lies in the fact that, at altitudes of 25,000 feet and beyond, the effects of low atmospheric pressure upon the human body are so severe that mountaineering is impossible and the consequences even of a mild storm may be deadly, that nothing but the most perfect conditions of weather and snow offer the slightest chance of success, and that on the last lap of the climb no party is in a position to choose its day.”

Around the turn of twentieth century, the initial problem of climbing Everest was not one of height or difficulty, but of merely gaining access to the mountain. Neither Tibet, nor Nepal, across whose borders Everest straddles, welcomed outsiders. Only through top level diplomacy and a personal appeal to the Dalai Lama could the British Reconnaissance party visit Tibet in 1921. Their goal to ascertain if a route to the summit of Mount Everest could be found.

No one knew if the top of Everest could be reached until May 29, 1953 when Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary plodded their way to the summit from their high camp at 28,000 feet. This was the expedition’s camp-9, 1,000 feet from the summit and situated some 2,000 feet higher than today’s highest camp for climbers on the same route. Today climbers set up only 4 camps on the mountain, because Base Camp is positioned much higher than it was in the early days.

When Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Everest in 1953 with New Zealander Edmund Hillary, he had no idea how his life would change. From that moment on, Tenzing became an ambassador for his people, the high altitude Shepras of Darjeling and the Khumbu. Although he spoke 7 languages, Tenzing never learned how to write; however he wrote several books by dictation, and they provide a timeless account of an era when the high Himalayan frontiers were still unexplored. On the morning of their summit day, Tenzing and Hillary left their camp and proceeded up the southeast point toward the summit. Tenzing later wrote : “On the top of the rock cliff we rested again. Certainly, after climbing up the gap we were both a bit breathless, but after some slow pulls at the oxygen I was feeling fine. I looked up; the top was very close now; and my heart thumped with excitement and joy. Then we were on our way again climbing towards the peak. There were still the cornices on our right and the cliff on our left, but the ridge was now less steep. It was only a row of snowy humps, one beyond the other, one higher than the other. But we were still afraid of the cornices and, instead of following the ridge all the way. We cut over to the left, where there was now a long snow slope above the cliff. About a hundred feet below the top we came to the highest bare rocks. There was enough, almost level space here for two tents, and I wondered if men would ever camp in this place, so near the summit of the earth. I picked up two small stones and put them in my pocket to bring back to the world below.”

Some Records:
In 2001 a 15 year-old Nepalese boy Timba Tisheri climbed Everest as the youngest climber in history. Before him 16 years old Sambhu Tegsa of Nepal was the youngest. There were another two records made in the same year. A French couple named Bartrand and Klair climbed Everest by parachute, in the same year a blind man of Germany named Eric Vilsare did it. Another records made in 2004 is to climb Everest within the shortest time by a Nepalese Sherpa. He climb Everest in 10 hours and 10 minutes which is 2 hours less than the earlier records. He took only fruit juice as food and he climbed Everest for the second time in that week. He climbed as if he was running. In that mission he was a guide of a Swiss.

The Taj Mahal






It has been over three hundred years since Emperor Shah Jahan of Delhi built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife in Agra. Architecturally, it is still one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. The building is maid of fine white marble with inlays of colored marble. It has eight sides and many open arches. It rests on a platform or terrace of red sandstone. Four slender white towers rise from the corners of the terrace. There is a large dome above the centre of the building. Around this large dome there are four smaller domes. Just inside the outer walls, there is an open corridor from which visitors can look through carved marble screens into a central room. The bodies of Shah Jahan and his wife Mumtaz lie in two graves below this room.


The Taj Mahal is surrounded by a beautiful garden and there is a long pool that stretches out in front of the building. One can see the beauty of the Taj Mahal in its reflection in the pool water. Visitors come to see this wonderful building at different times of the day since it assumes a different look at different times. Most people like it best on moonlight nights.











The Temple of Artemis



Is it simply a temple? How could it take its place among other unique structures such as the Pyramid, the Hanging Gardens, and the Colossus of Rhodes? For the people who actually visited it, the answer was simple. It was not just a temple…It was the most beautiful structure on earth…. It was built in honor of the Greek goddess of hunting and wild nature. That was the Temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus.

Location:
The ancient city of Ephesus nears the modern town of Selcuk, about 50 km south of Izmir in Turkey.

Although the foundation of the temple dates back to the seventh century BC, the structure that earned a spot in the list of Wonders was built around 550 BC. Referred to as the great marble temple, or temple D, it was sponsored by the Lydian king Croesus and was designed by the Greek architect Chersiphron. It was decorated with bronze statues sculpted by the most skilled artists of their time: Pheidias, Polycleitus, Kresilas and Phradmon.

The temple served as both a market place and a religious institution. For years, the sanctuary was visited by merchants, tourists, artisans and kings who paid homage to the goddess by sharing their profits whit her.

Recent archeological excavation at the site revealed gifts from pilgrims including statuettes of Artemis made of gold and ivory…earrings, bracelets and necklaces…artifacts from as far as Persia and India.

On the night of 21 July 356 BC, a man named Herostratus burned the temple to ground in an attempt to immortalize his name. He did indeed. Strangely enough, Alexander the great was born the same night. The Roman historian Plutarch later wrote that the goddess was “too busy taking care of the birth of Alexander to send help to her threatened temple”. Over the next two decades, the temple was restored and is labeled “temple E” by archeologists. And when Alexander the great conquered Asia Minor, he helped rebuild the destroyed temple.

When St Paul visited Ephesus to preach Christianity in the first century AD, he was confronted by the Artemis’ cult who had no plans to abandon their goddess. And when the temple was again destroyed by the Goths in AD 262, the Ephesians vowed to rebuild. By the fourth century AD, most Ephesians had converted to Christianity and the temple lost its religious glamour. The final chapter came when in AD 401 the temple of Artemis was torn down by St John Chrysostom. Ephesus was later deserted, and only in the late nineteenth century has the site been excavated. The digging revealed the temple’s foundation and the road to the now swampy site. Attempts were recently made to rebuild the temple, but only a few columns have been re-erected.

Description:
The foundation of the temple was rectangular in form, similar to most temples at the time. Unlike other sanctuaries, however, the building was made of marble, with a decorated façade overlooking a spacious courtyard. Marble steps surrounding the building platform led to the high terrace, which was approximately 80 m (260 ft) by 130 m (430ft) in plan. The columns were 20 m (60 ft) high with Ionic capitals and carved circular sides. There were 127 columns in total, aligned orthogonally over the whole platform area, except for the central cella or house of the goddess. The temple housed many works of art, including four ancient bronze statues of Amazons sculpted by the finest artists at the time. When St Paul visited the city the temple was adorned with golden pillars and silver statuettes, and was decorated with paintings. There is no evidence that a statue of the goddess herself was placed at the center of the sanctuary, but there is no reason not to believe so.

The early detailed descriptions of the temple helped archeologists reconstruct the building. Many reconstructions such as that by H.F. von Erlach depicted the façade with a columns porch which never existed. More accurate reconstructions may give us an idea about the general layout of the temple. However, its true beauty lies in the architectural and artistic details which will forever remain unknown.

Elements of the natural environment.




Humans, animals and plants are all important elements of the natural environment.
But humans are cruelly destroying plants and animals and thereby creating a danger for us all. The destruction of forests and other habitats is causing the extinction of various plants and animals every day. These losses are particularly sever in the areas of tropical forests which cover only 7% of the surface of the globe, but which provide the living space for between 50% and 80% of all our wildlife. Many wild animals and birds such as pandas, bears, tigers, alligators, whales, wolves, eagles, falcons, kites and buzzards are faced with the threat of extinction today. Their decline has been accelerated by the destruction of their feeding and nesting places, by the collection of eggs, and above all by the widespread use of chemicals and pesticides which enter their food chains leading to sterility and mass deaths. Hunting of birds for food and feathers, hunt big cats to make fur coats and slaughter alligators and other reptiles for shoes and bags. In addition, whale hunting has also drastically reduced the number of blue whales in the Atlantic Ocean.


We know that all species are important for maintaining ecological balance. If one is lost, the whole natural environment changes. In order to protect the environment from being spoilt, we should therefore protect our wildlife. The good news is that many countries are now taking action to protect their endangered wildlife. George Haycock, author of several books on wildlife, writes: “Mankind must develop a concern for wild creatures and a determination that these wild species will not perish”. We should save the earth’s wild creatures to save ourselves. To be kind to animals is to be kind to mankind.


Domestic rubbish, a threat for environment.





Now-a-day, the world is producing millions of tons of domestic rubbish and toxic industrial waste each year, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to find suitable locations to get rid of all the refuse. The disposal of various kinds of waste is seriously polluting the environment. We know that air is an important element of our environment and our air is polluted by smoke. Man makes fire to cook food, make bricks, melt tar for road construction and to do many other things. Fires create smoke and pollute the air. Railway engines and powerhouses create smoke by burning coal and oil. Mills and factories also belch a lot of smoke. Buses, trucks and cars use petrol and diesel oil. These too emit smoke. All these kinds of smoke pollute the air. Water, another vital element of the environment, is also polluted in different ways. Man pollutes water by throwing waste into it. Farmers use chemical fertilizers and insecticides in their fields. When rain and floods wash away some of these chemicals, they get mixed with water in rivers, canals and ponds. Mills and factories also throw their poisonous chemicals and waste products into rivers and canals and thus pollute the water. Water vehicles also pollute rivers by dumping oil, food waste and human waste into them. Unsanitary latrines and unsafe drains standing on river and canal banks are also responsible for further pollution. Thus, water is contaminated by various kinds of waste and filth.


Climate change and global warming.



In recent years, there have been many alarming reports that the world’s climate is undergoing a significant change. All these reports provide strong evidence that world temperatures are increasing day by day. This increase in global worming is caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide around the earth. Most climatologists believe that the ‘greenhouse effect is the most likely cause of this global warming.

What is the greenhouse effect? It is the gradual warming of the air surrounding the earth as a result of heat being trapped by environmental pollution. This is exemplified by the destruction and burning down of tropical rain forests, by traffic that clogs up city streets, by the rapid growth of industry, the use of chlorofluorocarbons in packaging and manufacturing commercial products, the use of detergents such as washing powder and washing-up liquid and so on. The oceans are also said to be affected both because of human waste and because of pollution caused by industrial waste products, oil seeping from damaged supertankers and from other maritime disasters. However, the main culprits for global warming are carbon dioxide gas, produced by the burning of fossil fuels and forests and pollutants such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.

Climatologists predict that by midway through the next century temperatures may have risen by as much as 4◦C. This could catastrophically reduce mankind’s ability to grow food, destroy wildlife and wilderness, raise sea levels and thereby flood coastal areas and farmland. The alarming news about many small countries is that as a result of the rise of the sea level a large parts of their coastal areas may go under water.

MIGRATORY BIRDS IN BANGLADESH


The history of migration began as soon as human was created. The reason was easy- collecting food from the nature .Moreover, finding a safe place to protect themselves from natural disasters and wild animals encouraged to migrate. Every year, with the arrival of winter migratory birds of various species throng some parts of Bangladesh. Jahangirnagar University, Hakaluki Haor and Hyle Haor Tangoar Beels, Nijhum Dwip, Chitagong Hill tracks, Mirpur Zoo, Mirpur ceramic lake, Netrokona Haor and many small as well as large lakes are some of the get together place of migratory birds. Most of the birds come from the mountainous northern parts of the subcontinent namely Himalayas and beyond. Some species come from different parts of Europe and as Far East as Siberia.

Thousands of hundreds types of duck visit every year along with the native birds. Lesser Whistling Teal (Chhota Sarali),Greater Whistling Teal ( Bara Sarali), Cotton pigmy Goose (Balihansh), Pochard(Bhulihansh), Darters (Snake bird), Pintail Duck, Gurgani etc are some of the birds. However, the migratory birds in Bangladesh is decreasing every year due to the scarcity of wetlands and poaching. As the population is increasing and forests and wetlands are decreasing, we are loosing the beauty of nature. The poachers who trap and sell migratory birds also causes threaten to the ‘Guests; animals are part of the world. Like humans, they breed, grow up, travel thousands of miles for searching food. They also need a peaceful living place. Only human can save the animals from extinction. Birds and animals are the source of entertainment for the residents of the urban people. Sometimes these migratory animals threaten human society by spreading diseases like bird flu. However, this can be controlled by taking proper action. Steps should be taken to increase the arrival of migratory animals and to protect from extinction. Otherwise, we have no place to be entertained naturally.

ANIMAL MIGRATION:JOURNEY TO THE UNKNOWN.

The word ‘migration’ usually refers to the movement of human, specially a whole group, from one place to another. The history of migration began as soon as human was created. The reason was easy- collecting food from the nature .Moreover, finding a safe place to protect themselves from natural disasters and wild animals encouraged to migrate. In migration and out migration are used for, internal migration meaning inside the national territory while crossing the boundary is identified as international migration.

Animal also migrate from one place to another, like the humans, and this migration is more rapid than the humans. Some animals like wild beast and sooty Shearwater traveled the world from their birth to death, thousands of miles every year. This traveling may cross the boundary or not , they dare about this , but is the only way to keep themselves alive in the world. Human migrates once, twice or more, but animals , like Pacific salmons, pass their life with migration . Some specifies of pacific salmon born in freshwater streams , travel to ocean waters and then return to breed before dying.

Almost all animal migrate from one place to another for searching foods but some of them traveled long distances. Wildebeests, elephants, Reindeer , Zebra and Caribou are some animals that traveled regularly.

Fishes like various species of shark and whale, dolphins , hundreds of miles every year. Birds , mostly known as migratory birds , are large among the migrates. About thousand types of birds travel the world every year . Various types of goose like great crested grebe, widgeon, egret , large egret, heron, night heron, snipe etc. as well as fruit bat , nightingale, humming bird, cockatoo are mentionable.

REASONS OF MIGRATION
Some reasons lied behind the migration. Animals that live in habitats that are difficult to survive in year round, must evolve a way to cope with the difficult time of year. A common strategy is hibernation, used by many mammals and other species. Snakes, white bear, and some animals in the winter season follow this technique. Others follow the rest option, migration, and move across long distances. They survive by leaving the area for part of the year, sometimes even part of their live, and move to habitats that are more hospitable. Taking the advantages of food , shelter and water that vary with seasons , or life stage is the most common reason to migrate. The availability of food and water can change throughout the year. For instance, when winter suddenly halts the supply of insects, birds that insects must head for warmer climates where food is still bountiful. Similarly when the cold settles in, small rodent and birds that are prey for predatory birds become scarce, so the north American red tailed hawk flies Mexico or the Gulf coast to find a more abundant food source. Sometimes , deep snow may make animals easier to catch by predators , or make the water ice. So finding a new place full of food is emergency case.
Plant eating mammals like buffalo and antelope; typically graze in herds, which can deplete the grass in an area. These animals instead of waiting for grass, go a short distance to find new grass, circling back to the original area when grass is abundant again. But in winter, grass does not regrow, so the herds move back to the areas where they found good the previous season. During the climatic changes like drought , water holes draw both the predators and prey, making these areas both overcrowded and dangerous in Africa, wildebeests, zebra and other prey species therefore migrate to areas where water is more plentiful. Bear the young in places relatively safe from predators and rich in resources, a more important reason of migration, also encourage the animals. For instance some right whales leave their Antarctic feeding grounds where their primary food resource is plentiful. They travel to bear their young.

Green turtle, another reproductive migrant, swim from their feeding grounds off the coast of Brazil during the time of lying eggs. After long swim, about 2000 km, they haul themselves onto sandy beaches, scrape out shallow nests, and deposit their eggs. Like the green turtles, freshwater eels trace ancient migratory patterns, swimming from each side of the Atlantic to the weedy Sargasso Sea and return after breeding.

Navigation of migration
It is quiet a surprising matter about finding the same route while migration. The mystery of animal migration remains one of the most compelling in science. Much work has been done on orientation and navigation in migrating animals, although the subject is still not well understood. Studies of salmon indicate that they depend on the olfactory sense to locate and return to their stream of origin. Herbivorous mammals often follow well established trails and probably also use their sense of smell. Bats, whales and seals use echolocation to navigate in the dark or underwater .

In shorter migration, animals do not need complicated navigation abilities. They can simply follow the food or the water, or head downhill to the valleys in winter and back up toward the ridges in summer. In longer migration, according to the scientists, animals use senses and sun, stars and geographic features. For instance, Starlings orient themselves using the sun, compensating for how the sun moves across the sky throughout the day. Mallard ducks can find north using the stars of the night sky. On the other hand, loggerhead turtles have the ability to sense the direction and strength of Earth magnetic field, which they use for navigating along the turtles ‘regular migration route. Animals can also use mental maps like human beings. They just become familiar with an area and navigate using mountain ranges, coastlines, rivers and even, like dolphins, the shape of the sea floor. Smell is also a powerful tool for navigation. Salmon uses smell to find the exact stream that they were born.
Migratory birds are believed to use the stars, sun and other geographic features as guides. Night migrating birds are sometimes disoriented in prolonged heavy fog. Day- flying birds navigate by the sun and also make some use of geographic features , particularly of shorelines, most migratory birds travel within broad north-south air routes known as flyways. Some migratory bird’s winter only a few hundred miles from their breeding grounds, while other migrate between the cold or temperate zones of the two hemispheres. The longest journey is made by the Arctic tern, a small bird that flies from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back again each year.

Hazards of migration:
Not every animals or birds can return to own land. Many died, some lost the track, some never return by nature. For example, sea turtles never saw their children. The animals face two types of hazards during the time of migration - natural and human made. Natural hazards include climatic changes, drought, food scarcity, predators and the individual physical demands of migration on the animal. Sometimes the animal’s migratory behavior poses a considerable hazard as well. In southern Africa, for instance, springbok migrate in herds so dense that death from trampling, starvation, or drowning is not uncommon. Other animals caught in the springbok’s migration path suffer as well, often being swept along or trampled by the tide of rushing bodies.

Humans also posed particular dangers to migrating animals. For instance, the caribou of arctic regions are hunted by Inuit who intercept hers along seasonal migration routes. Sport hunters acquaint themselves with migration routes as well.

Human made structures like skyscrapers and radio towers have caused the deaths of hundreds of migrating birds. Water pollution has caused the fishes not to migrate to some specific areas.







What Causes the Greenhouse Effect


The “greenhouse effect” often gets a bad rap because of its association with
global warming, but the truth is we couldn’t live without it.
Life on earth depends on energy from the sun. About 30 percent of the sunlight
that beams toward Earth is deflected by the outer atmosphere and scattered back
into space. The rest reaches the planet’s surface and is reflected upward again
as a type of slow-moving energy called infrared radiation. As it rises, infrared radiation is absorbed by “greenhouse gases” such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone and methane, which slows its escape from the atmosphere. Although greenhouse gases make up only about 1 percent of the Earth’s atmosphere, they regulate our climate by trapping heat and holding it in a kind
of warm-air blanket that surrounds the planet.
This phenomenon is what scientists call the "greenhouse effect." Without it,
scientists estimate that the average temperature on Earth would be colder by
approximately 30 degrees Celsius (54 degrees Fahrenheit), far too cold to
sustain our current ecosystem.
While the greenhouse effect is an essential environmental prerequisite for life
on Earth, there really can be too much of a good thing.
The problems begin when human activities distort and accelerate the natural
process by creating more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere than are necessary
to warm the planet to an ideal temperature.
Burning natural gas, coal and oil —including gasoline for automobile
engines—raises the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Some farming practices and land-use changes increase the levels of methane and
Nitrous oxide.
Many factories produce long-lasting industrial gases that do not occur
naturally, yet contribute significantly to the enhanced greenhouse effect and
“global warming” that is currently under way.
Deforestation alsocontributes to global warming. Trees use carbon dioxide and
give off oxygen in its place, which helps to create the optimal balance of
gases in the atmosphere. As more forests are logged for timber or cut down to
make way for farming, however, there are fewer trees to perform this critical
function.
Population growth is another factor in global warming, because as more people
use fossil fuels for heat, transportation and manufacturing the level of
greenhouse gases continues to increase. As more farming occurs to feed
millions of new people, more greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere.
Ultimately, more greenhouse gases means more infrared radiation trapped and
held, which gradually increases the temperature of the Earth’s surface and the
air in the lower atmosphere.
The Average Global Temperature is Increasing Quickly
Today, the increase in the Earth’s temperature is increasing with unprecedented
speed. To understand just how quickly global warming is accelerating, consider
this:
During the entire 20th century, the average global temperature increased by
about 0.6 degrees Celsius (slightly more than 1 degree Fahrenheit).
Using computer climate models, scientists estimate that by the year 2100 the
average global temperature will increase by 1.4 degrees to 5.8 degrees Celsius
(approximately 2.5 degrees to 10.5 degrees Fahrenheit).
Not All Scientists Agree
While the majority of mainstream scientists agree that global warming is a
serious problem that is growing steadily worse, there are some who disagree.
John Christy, a professor and director of the Earth System Science Center at the
University of Alabama in Huntsville is a respected climatologist who argues that
global warming isn’t worth worrying about.
Christy reached that opinion after analyzing millions of measurements from
weather satellites in an effort to find a global temperature trend. He found no
sign of global warming in the satellite data, and now believes that predictions
of global warming by as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the 21st
century are incorrect.


About Bangladesh


Bangladesh is a independent country which is situated in south Asia.It's become independent on 16'th dece: in 1971 from Pakistan.Bangladesh is naturally a most beautiful country in the world. It has the Largest Sea beach in the world which is situated on southern part of Bangladesh in bay of bangle.
Here I give detaile information about Bangladesh in the below:-

Name:People's Republic of Bangladesh

Bangali Name:Gonoprojatontri Bangladesh
Border:It is bordered by India on Three sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast,and by the Bay of Bengal to the south.

Area: Total:147,570 km2 (94th),55,599 sq mi
Water : (%)7.0


National Anthem: Amar Shonar Bangla (My Golden Bengal)


Capital (and largest city):Dhaka, 23°42′N 90°21′E / 23.7, 90.35
Official languages:Bengali (or Bangla)
Demonym:Bangladeshi
Government:Parliamentary republic
President:Jillur Rahman
Prime Minister:Sheikh Hasina
Independence:from Pakistan
Declared:March 26, 1971
Victory Day:December 16, 1971
Population
2007 estimate:150,448,340 (7th)
Density:1045/km2 (11th) 2,706/sq mi
GDP: (PPP)2007 estimate Total:$208.456 billion[3] (48th)
Per capita:$1,311[3] (153rd)
GDP (nominal):2007 estimat Total:$73.689 billion[3] (58th)
Per capita:$463 (157th)
Currency:Taka (BDT)
Time zone:BDT (UTC+6)
Drives: on the left
Internet TLD.bd
Calling code:880
National Animal:Royal Bengal Tiger

National Fish:Hilsa
National Flower:White Water Lily
National Fruit :Jackfruit
National Sport :Kabadi
National Calendar:Bengali calenda